苹果imtoken钱包下载|vlk

作者: 苹果imtoken钱包下载
2024-03-07 21:51:51

官方下载:VLC media player,最棒的开源播放器 - VideoLAN

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官方下载:VLC media player,最棒的开源播放器 - VideoLAN

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VLC 是一款免费、自由、开源的跨平台多媒体播放器及框架,可播放大多数多媒体文件,以及各类流媒体协议。

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Windows及Office激活教程(附GVLK 激活密钥) - 知乎

Windows及Office激活教程(附GVLK 激活密钥) - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册Windows及Office激活教程(附GVLK 激活密钥)cherish问:如何区分零售还是批量版呢?激活之前要先确定版本是零售还是批量版,Office产品和Windows产品都有零售(Retail)、批量(Volume)之分,零售版需要使用零售(Retail)密钥,而批量版可使用多激活密钥(MAK)或密钥管理服务(KMS)。Windows:一般而言,家庭版、旗舰版为零售版,企业版为批量版,专业版同时支持零售和MAK激活。具体识别方法为,运行或命令提示符输入 slmgr.vbs -dli 回车,然后会有一个弹窗,零售为Retail/OEM,批量为MAK。Office:打开或新建任意office文档,点击左上角文件,再点击账户(office2010为帮助),零售版有更新的选项,大客户(批量)版有更改产品密钥的选项,零售用过KMS(即网上的180天激活工具)可能二者都有。 1.Kms激活WindowsKms也是一种正规的激活方式,激活简单方便,除了激活有效期只有180天外,与永久激活并无不同。推荐经常折腾电脑、重装系统的人使用KMS激活,若你能180天不重装系统,那么激活到期后再次KMS激活即可。只有批量(Volume)版本支持KMS激活。如果安装批量版本后从未更改过密钥,可以直接进行kms激活原理的第二步。问:为什么很多人对KMS嗤之以鼻?答:其实这并不是KMS的问题,而是以KMS为激活原理的激活工具的惹的祸。网上的KMS激活工具出于商业原因,这类工具往往带有病毒、劫持主页等流氓行为。所以建议大家不要用激活工具,而是直接用它们的激活原理,只要输入3条命令即可,十分简单。问:KMS激活原理?答:kms激活原理很简单,①安装KMS密钥 ②设定KMS服务器 ③执行激活命令(联网激活)。问:kms手动激活具体步骤?在开始菜单上点击右键,然后选择命令提示符【管理员】点击打开。依次复制下面的命令,然后直接粘贴到命令提示符界面中,回车即可。slmgr /ipk W269N-WFGWX-YVC9B-4J6C9-T83GX

slmgr /skms kms.xspace.in

slmgr /ato激活以后,为了查看激活的状态,这里我们可以按下键盘的"win+r"打开运行,然后这里我们输入命令slmgr.vbs -xpr,点击确定运行命令!这时候出现的窗口中,提示永久激活 或者 激活剩余时间,说明已经激活成功,大家可以自己试试操作。# 是用于卸载当前电脑的密钥

slmgr.vbs /upk

# 其中XXXX是密钥,一般用上面的密钥即可,更换成自己系统对应版本密钥

slmgr /ipk W269N-WFGWX-YVC9B-4J6C9-T83GX

# 设置kms服务器地址,kms地址失效,可以尝试其他地址。

slmgr /skms kms.xspace.in

# 是激活命令,连接到kms服务器进行windows激活

slmgr /ato 1.Kms激活Office各个版本Office安装路径不同,默认为磁盘C,根据自己情况输入,最简单的就是哪个文件夹有ospp.vbs,就在哪里操作。32位软件路径是C:\Program Files (x86)\,64位软件路径是C:\Program Files\下面以64位软件举例,管理员身份运行CMD。# Office 2010

cd "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office14\"

# Office 2013

cd "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office15\"

# Office 2016 / 2019

cd "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office16\"完整步骤如下:# 查看证书

cscript ospp.vbs /dstatus

#联网激活

cscript ospp.vbs /act

# 安装密钥 用对应版本的激活码替换XXXXX ,不要无脑复制粘贴哦

cscript ospp.vbs /inpkey:NMMKJ-6RK4F-KMJVX-8D9MJ-6MWKP

# 卸载密钥

cscript ospp.vbs /unpkey:NMMKJ-6RK4F-KMJVX-8D9MJ-6MWKP

# 显示安装ID

cscript ospp.vbs /dinstid

# 输入确认ID [id]为你自己的确认Id

cscript ospp.vbs /actcid:[id]

# 设定KMS服务器

cscript ospp.vbs /sethst:kms.jihuo.ma

# 联网激活

cscript ospp.vbs /act看到 Product activation successful 就是激活成功了。Windows KMS 激活密钥(GVLK Key)Windows 10Windows 10 Professional

W269N-WFGWX-YVC9B-4J6C9-T83GX

Windows 10 Professional N

MH37W-N47XK-V7XM9-C7227-GCQG9

Windows 10 Enterprise

NPPR9-FWDCX-D2C8J-H872K-2YT43

Windows 10 Enterprise N

DPH2V-TTNVB-4X9Q3-TJR4H-KHJW4

Windows 10 Education

NW6C2-QMPVW-D7KKK-3GKT6-VCFB2

Windows 10 Education N

2WH4N-8QGBV-H22JP-CT43Q-MDWWJ

Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB

WNMTR-4C88C-JK8YV-HQ7T2-76DF9

Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB N

2F77B-TNFGY-69QQF-B8YKP-D69TJ

Windows 10 Enterprise 2016 LTSB

DCPHK-NFMTC-H88MJ-PFHPY-QJ4BJ

Windows 10 Enterprise 2016 LTSBN

QFFDN-GRT3P-VKWWX-X7T3R-8B639

Windows 10 Enterprise G

YYVX9-NTFWV-6MDM3-9PT4T-4M68B

Windows 10 Enterprise GN

44RPN-FTY23-9VTTB-MP9BX-T84FV

Windows 7Windows 7 Professional

FJ82H-XT6CR-J8D7P-XQJJ2-GPDD4

Windows 7 Professional N

MRPKT-YTG23-K7D7T-X2JMM-QY7MG

Windows 7 Professional E

W82YF-2Q76Y-63HXB-FGJG9-GF7QX

Windows 7 Enterprise

33PXH-7Y6KF-2VJC9-XBBR8-HVTHH

Windows 7 Enterprise N

YDRBP-3D83W-TY26F-D46B2-XCKRJ

Windows 7 Enterprise E

C29WB-22CC8-VJ326-GHFJW-H9DH4Office KMS 激活密钥(GVLK Key)Office Professional Plus 2019

NMMKJ-6RK4F-KMJVX-8D9MJ-6MWKP

Office Professional Plus 2016

XQNVK-8JYDB-WJ9W3-YJ8YR-WFG99

Office 2013 Professional Plus

YC7DK-G2NP3-2QQC3-J6H88-GVGXT

Office Professional Plus 2010

VYBBJ-TRJPB-QFQRF-QFT4D-H3GVB更多Kms密钥请访问微软官网:编辑于 2021-01-20 13:10激活码KMSMicrosoft Office​赞同 70​​6 条评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

2021BPL冬季赛丨VLK王者归来,再登巅峰! - 球球大作战综合讨论 - TapTap 球球大作战论坛

2021BPL冬季赛丨VLK王者归来,再登巅峰! - 球球大作战综合讨论 - TapTap 球球大作战论坛

首页排行榜发现动态论坛创作者中心球球大作战关注球球大作战关注2021BPL冬季赛丨VLK王者归来,再登巅峰!球球大作战2021/11/15507 浏览综合恭喜VLK战队!获得2021冬季赛冠军!继夏季赛夺冠后,VLK又捧起冬季赛冠军奖杯!目前VLK也是唯一一支蝉联球球大作战职业联赛冠军的队伍!恭喜本赛季MVP选手Zh1ZunB!Zh1ZunB也在今天的决赛中拿下了第二局和第四局的MVP。在今天的决赛赛场上,VLK积极进攻,将全场节奏牢牢握在手中,前两局的第一,为夺冠奠定了基础!敢打敢拼,敢秀敢操作!冠军!实至名归!BPL冬季赛决赛复盘登峰之路,强者集结!我们来一起回顾一下今天的决赛精彩时刻!第一局决赛的第一场对决!9分10秒,SR副攻向King传球满拍619,同时CD收掉BOOM全部体积,至此VLK、FW、SR、CD四家大球对峙运营。6分20秒,VLK下开分身,副攻补球,吞噬FW,乘胜追击垫拍带走CD战队全部体积!此时场上还有VLK和SR两家大球,红蓝对决,巅峰对抗!最终VLK拿下第一,将15分收入囊中!第二局比赛开始,CD战队手感炙热,陆续吞噬FW等战队,比赛9分钟场上四家大球SR、619、CD、VLK相互对峙发育!比赛4分钟,VLK快攻弹射收掉CD全部体积!快!狠!准!第二局对决接近尾声时,SR、VLK、619体积相差不大,相互对峙周旋!比赛还有不到1分钟,SR出现失误,被VLK收掉体积!VLK获得决赛第二场胜利!ZH1ZuNB成为本场MVP!第三局决赛第三场,选手们越战越勇。高手过招可谓招招致命!9分10秒,619在与BOOM的对峙中,BOOM合球摊地,被619战队吞噬。8分钟,面对CD战队不断施压,619战队果断出手,母体带走FW全部体积!场上四支战队不断周旋对峙,迫切想要抓住对手的破绽。在最后一秒619抓住SR下开分身的一半球体,夺得第三场比赛的胜利!第四局进入比赛,各大战队迅速抢占资源发育,SR率先发起进攻,强势收掉FW全部体积,占据体积优势!比赛6分钟,SR和VLK对峙僵持,619和CD在右下发育。比赛2分钟混战开启!CD抓住时机想要进攻VLK,反被VLK合球收掉大部分体积!随后VLK势如破竹,再次抓住时机吞噬SR全部体积!VLK获得本场比赛胜利!第五局经过短暂的中场休息,对决再次开启!六支战队迅速发育,在10分30秒,BOOM战队将619副攻壁咚并吞噬其全部球体。FW面对BOOM战队和CD战队施压,无奈被BOOM带走全部体积!对峙发育似乎是今天比赛的关键词,最后的2分钟,SR和CD不断牵制VLK,最终BOOM夺得本场比赛胜利!第六局比赛开场VLK开局不利,与619争夺发育资源反被吞噬!比赛8分钟场上CD、619、BOOM三足鼎立!619抓住时机收掉VLK体积!比赛5分钟,CD暂列第一,选择避战稳健发育!接下来的比赛619、BOOM、CD依然三足鼎立,相互对峙!比赛最后一刻,CD战队体积略胜一筹,获得本场比赛胜!虽然本场比赛VLK没有积分入账,但前期积累的巨大优势仍然让VLK锁定冬季赛冠军。第七局决赛的最后一场,SR前期收割BOOM全部体积并迅速发育。619、CD相争对峙,SR下开分身带走619四分之一球体,CD面对周围三家大球的夹击,被SR瞬补吞噬,拥有大体积优势的SR,气势汹汹拍补拿掉619战队体积。红蓝对决SR凭借联动操作,没收VLK球体,制霸全屏!最后SR还来了一波整活!最终VLK以压倒性的积分优势卫冕成王!2021BPL冬季赛结束了,电竞选手们追梦的脚步永远不会停下!2021BGF年终总决赛即将启动,请大家多多关注官方消息,我们下一个赛场再见!球球大作战6.6ioUP主推荐休闲前往论坛 评论7 只看作者最热写下你的想法...我是贵物牛蛙1 2楼2021/11/15๑_๑恭喜VLK!祝球球大作战越来越好!1 3楼2021/11/15๑_๑收到镇楼大礼了,爱了爱了。非常感谢小编和官方大大!1 7楼2021/11/18什么时候能处理一下bug6楼2021/11/17查宝来帮忙我押他们排名的活动,更新后活动不见了,领取去哪领5楼2021/11/16三只布朗熊恭喜VLK战队夺BPL冬季赛冠军[嗒啦啦2_牛逼][嗒啦啦2_牛逼][嗒啦啦2_牛逼]8楼2021/11/18星河恭喜VLK战队夺BPL冬季赛冠军4楼2021/11/15已经到底了13 7球球大作战6.6ioUP主推荐休闲前往论坛 相关推荐只要你能够掌握了虚拟摇杆的方向操作,那么对于本作的操作你也就精通了大半。除了方向键的控制,另外还有两个技能按键分别控制你的角色向一个角度发射小球以及将你的小球进行分裂。@22区-豪豪-二组-芳芳8 赞 · 3 回复00:34《球球大作战》全新赛季「修仙大逃杀」将于10月1日正式开启!全新修仙模式即将上线,组建你的门派,叫上你的道侣及道友,体验不一样的波拉哩修仙之旅~@塔坦6 回复通行证这么快的?就这次更新出的金甲壳虫通行证,按照我玩其他游戏的经验,怎么也得要一两周才能满级拿到最终奖励吧,但是我错了,看其他的球友,玩二天甚至当天就能拿了???进度快的让我猝不及防。

看了看其他类似的,像1元通行证,大会员这些有没有必要入手一个?奖励全部拿完的时间也很短是不。

另外你们的球搭子都是哪里找的,经常就是在找球搭子的路上,找到了也像开盲盒一样,偏向脾气好一点的搭子,不然玩着有压力。这个沙海奇踪的周末@偶尔发呆本周活动播报 | 99双刷节现已开启,全新团队皮肤“悟空”、“紫霞”上线!亲爱的球宝们好,这里依旧是为大家带来最新消息的波拉哩一线记者菲露露是也~~又是一年球宝日,球宝们有找到一起双刷的小伙伴嘛!双刷节八大福利,以及众多活动现已上线,快快和双刷搭子前往波拉哩,参与双刷节的狂欢吧~

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活动时间:9月9日-10月7日

组队双刷,@球球大作战官方7 赞 · 7 回复球球《球球大作战》是一款令人上瘾的游戏!简单易上手的操作、刺激的对战模式、丰富多样的皮肤和道具,让玩家乐在其中。游戏画面精美,音效激动人心,给人带来了极致的游戏体验。无论是单人还是多人对战,都能感受到无尽的乐趣。强烈推荐!球球大作战》是一款令人欲罢不能的游戏!快节奏的球球对战,让人沉浸其中无法自拔。游戏中有各种有趣的模式和关卡,玩家可以尽情展示自己的球球技巧。@D1 赞 · 3 回复每周活动速递 | 超萌龙崽崽来袭!摇摆舞塔坦登场!还有万圣节南瓜盲盒、世界树皮肤套装上新~球宝们好,这里是你们好久不见的老朋友,波拉哩一线记者菲露露是也!本周也依旧为大家带来波拉哩星球的最新情报!!快来和菲露露一起看看吧

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最低只用2元即可获得超可爱的龙崽崽,收集龙崽崽及其他胖胖联萌图鉴皮肤更可获得聊天气泡、吞噬特效等海量专属图鉴奖励~

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⏰活动时间:10月22日起

全新团队关键词「摇摆舞塔坦」带领@球球大作战官方9 赞 · 5 回复新赛季更新了,这周五刚好女神节,排位又不掉分,这波不得来一个疯狂上分啊!@蜻蜓队长是我鸭6 回复一大波甜甜活动上线!和你的TA一起来波拉哩过520吧~520来了~风中满是甜甜的香味~在波拉哩参与520活动,穿上CP套装甜蜜双排,让心中的TA知晓你的心意吧!

双冠心动520玩法上线

5月19日-5月21日,双冠520模式正式上线。对局中你和队友将会随机穿上一套让人心动的CP皮肤,有没有感受到浓浓的爱意呢~

活动期间,双冠对局中穿戴“命定序章”“一起玩游戏”中任意一款关键词,即可为队友自动穿戴对应的CP关键词啦~祝你们浪漫翻倍哦~

520心动之旅甜@球球大作战官方15 赞 · 4 回复03:00速通技战室丨手把手教你弹射花式技巧!今天我们邀请到了攻略组的麦岁同学和花式大神马良良来给球宝们带来花式——弹射系列的教学,在今天的小课堂里我们将学习到:射击、大炮、倒推、弹侧、反弹侧、隐弹、拐弯、跳骗这些超实用的花式操作。准备好笔记本,准备上课啦!

马良良 球球号:50001

射击

首先我们从射击讲起,弹出的球体占总体积1/8的球向前跳跃,母球迅速16分对入地一颗形成瞬移,拉近距离将敌人满拍。当你熟练了以后,你可以跳跃两次,让队友进@球球大作战官方23 赞 · 2 回复本周活动更新 | 全新赛季极寒大逃杀开启!战队赛回归热血重燃!12月1日全新版本登场,全新赛季【极寒大逃杀】、【战队赛】升级重启,两大重磅内容上线,为这个寒冬带来激情!球宝们快跟塔坦一起来了解一下这次火热整个冬季的更新吧~

新赛季·极寒大逃杀

全新赛季「极寒大逃杀」正式登场!赛季专属逃杀玩法再次升级,追加全新内容,更有海量福利在这寒冬暖心相赠!在这最冷的日子里,六小只将恒久温暖送给你!

〓全新玩法

神秘寒域降临,波拉哩星球的气候环境急转直下,在极寒环境中@球球大作战官方5 赞 · 5 回复热门游戏论坛无限深渊 83 万关注关注明日方舟 908 万关注关注雷索纳斯 73 万关注关注提灯与地下城 69 万关注关注诸神皇冠 96 万关注关注香肠派对 3697 万关注关注冲呀!饼干人:王国 128 万关注关注铃兰之剑:为这和平的世界 195 万关注关注查看全部立即下载 TapTap 客户端发现好游戏主题设置关于我们开发者工作机会产品建议和反馈状态页认证品牌资源推广中心资源置换服务侵权投诉服务协议隐私政策© 2024 TapTap沪ICP备16012525号沪网文(2019)3544-255号 经营许可证编号: 沪B2-20170322 易玩(上海)网络科技有限公司公司地址: 上海市静安区灵石路 718 号 B1 北楼注册地址: 上海市闵行区紫星路 588 号 2 幢 2122 室沪公网安备 31010402003255号违法信息举报电话:021-60727072转3003网上有害信息举报专区首页球球大作战2021BPL冬季赛丨VLK王者归来,再登巅峰!

VLK(激光键盘)_百度百科

激光键盘)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心VLK是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共3个义项)添加义项收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10VLK播报上传视频激光键盘VLK(激光键盘)VLK(激光键盘) 全称为Virtual Laser Keyboard,即虚拟激光键盘,由Hutchison Harbour Ring Limited - HRR公司生产。它是一种大小与小型移动电话(90 x 34 x 24 mm)相仿的虚拟键盘,让用户能像操作普通键盘一样轻易地打出文章或电子邮件。I-Tech 虚拟键盘 采用光投照技术,几乎能在任意平面上投影出全尺寸的电脑键盘。虚拟键盘 用在PDA 和智能手机上时,可方便地进行电子邮件收发、文字处理及电子表格制作,用户可以将笔记本电脑和桌面机留在家里了。虚拟键盘的适用性技术对用户手指运动加以研究,对键盘击打动作进行解码和记录。由于虚拟键盘是光投照所形成的影像,不使用时会完全消失。虚拟激光键盘的工作原理步骤1:模板创建(投影模块)将所需界面模板投影至相邻的界面表面。该模块由经过特殊设计的高效全息光学原件照明产生,元件带有红色二极管激光器。步骤2: 参考面照明(微照明模块TM)上一步已产生了红外线光照平面,且与界面表面平行。光线照在表面上几毫米处,用户是无法看到的。当用户碰触到界面表面上的按键位置时,按键边上的平面就会反射出光线,直接传到传感器模块上。步骤3: 映射对应坐标(传感器模块)用户与界面表面互动所反射出的光线传至红外线滤光片,并反射至传感器模块内的CMOS影像传感器。处理核可同步跟踪多次反射,因此能够同时处理多重按键并重叠光标控制输入。中文名VLK外文名Volume Licensing Key含    义VOL 版在部署中所需要的 KEY应    用VOL 版别    名团体批量许可证目录1缩写定义2扩展介绍缩写定义播报编辑VLK 的全称是 Volume Licensing Key ,因此,它不是一种软件版本,而是指 VOL 版本在部署(deploy)中所需要的 KEY,而且只用于 VOL 版中。浅而言之,对 VOL 版XP来说,VLK 就是PID为640的安装 KEY 。例如,上海政府 VOL 版XP所带的安装KEY,DG8FV-B9TKY-FRT9J-6CRCC-XPQ4G,就是一个 VLK 。VLK 的作用仅仅是证明产品合法化。扩展介绍播报编辑VOL是 Volume Licensing for Organizations 的简称,中文即“团体批量许可证”。根据这个许可,当企业或者政府需要大量购买一软件时可以获得优惠。这种产品的光盘的卷标都带有"VOL"字样,就取"Volume"前3个字母,以表明是批量。这种版本根据购买数量等又细分为“开放式许可证”(Open License)、“选择式许可证(Select License)”、“企业协议(Enterprise Agreement)”、“学术教育许可证(Academic Volume Licensing)”等5种版本,我们说的上海政府 VOL 版XP就是这种批量购买的版本。而根据 VOL 计划规定, VOL 产品是不需要激活的(无论升级到SP1还是SP2)。按照许可协议,原版,即零售版XP只能用在一台PC上,而 VOL 版XP则可按协议供给多台PC使用。还有一个重要的区别,零售版XP需要激活,而 VOL 版XP根本就没有这个概念。VOL 版XP没有 Home 这个版本,其功能跟 Professional 版是一样的。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

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VLC 是一款自由、开源的跨平台多媒体播放器及框架,可播放大多数多媒体文件,以及 DVD、音频 CD、VCD 及各类流媒体协议。

VLC 是一款免费、自由、开源的跨平台多媒体播放器及框架,可播放大多数多媒体文件,以及各类流媒体协议。

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AMDVLK: 近日,AMD在GitHub上发布了为Vulkan 1.0打造的开源Linux驱动AMDVLK,适配64位的Ubuntu 16.04和RedHat 7.4

AMDVLK: 近日,AMD在GitHub上发布了为Vulkan 1.0打造的开源Linux驱动AMDVLK,适配64位的Ubuntu 16.04和RedHat 7.4

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README

MIT

AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan®

The AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan® is an open-source Vulkan driver for Radeon™ graphics adapters on Linux®. It is built on top of AMD's Platform Abstraction Library (PAL), a shared component that is designed to encapsulate certain hardware and OS-specific programming details for many of AMD's 3D and compute drivers. Leveraging PAL can help provide a consistent experience across platforms, including support for recently released GPUs and compatibility with AMD developer tools.

Shaders that compose a particular VkPipeline object are compiled as a single entity using the LLVM-Based Pipeline Compiler (LLPC) library. LLPC builds on LLVM's existing shader compilation infrastructure for AMD GPUs to generate code objects compatible with PAL's pipeline ABI. Notably, AMD's closed-source Vulkan driver currently uses a different pipeline compiler, which is the major difference between AMD's open-source and closed-source Vulkan drivers.

Product Support

The AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan is designed to support the following AMD GPUs:

Radeon™ RX 7900/7800/7700/7600 Series

Radeon™ RX 6900/6800/6700/6600/6500 Series

Radeon™ RX 5700/5600/5500 Series

Radeon™ Pro W5700/W5500 Series

Note

For Pre-GFX10 GPUs, please use v-2023.Q3.3 or older release.

Operating System Support

The AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan is designed to support following distros and versions on both the AMDGPU upstream driver stack and the AMDGPU Pro driver stack:

Ubuntu 22.04 (amd64 version)

Ubuntu 20.04 (amd64 version)

RedHat 8.6 (x86-64 version)

RedHat 9.0 (x86-64 version)

The driver has not been well tested on other distros and versions. You may try it out on other distros and versions of your choice.

Note

To run the Vulkan driver with AMDGPU upstream driver stack on SI and CI generation GPUs, amdgpu.si_support and amdgpu.cik_support need to be enabled in kernel

Feature Support and Performance

The AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan is designed to support the following features:

Vulkan 1.3

More than 170 extensions

Radeon™ GPUProfiler tracing

Built-in debug and profiling tools

Mid-command buffer preemption and SR-IOV virtualization

The following features and improvements are planned in future releases (Please refer to Release Notes for update of each release):

Upcoming versions of the Vulkan API

Hardware performance counter collection through RenderDoc

LLPC optimizations to improve GPU-limited performance and compile time

Optimizations to improve CPU-limited performance

Known Issues

If you are using upstream stack, you may need to upgrade the kernel to 5.3 or later version and firmware (under /lib/firmware/amdgpu/) to the right version from https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/amdgpu, and then update ramfs (sudo mkinitramfs -o /boot/initrd.img-uname -r uname -r or sudo mkinitcpio --generate /boot/initrd.img-uname -r uname -r)

Timeline semaphore is not fully supported in Linux kernel until version 5.5. You can install Vulkan timeline semaphore layer to enable the extension if you are using earlier version of Linux kernel

How to Contribute

You are welcome to submit contributions of code to the AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan.

The driver is built from source code in five repositories: LLVM, XGL, LLPC, GPURT and PAL.

For changes to LLVM, you should submit contribution to the LLVM trunk. Commits there will be evaluated to merge into the amd-gfx-gpuopen-master branch periodically.

For changes to XGL, LLPC, GPURT and PAL, please create a pull request against the dev branch. After your change is reviewed and if it is accepted, it will be evaluated to merge into the master branch in a subsequent regular promotion.

IMPORTANT: By creating a pull request, you agree to allow your contribution to be licensed by the project owners under the terms of the MIT License.

When contributing to XGL, LLPC, GPURT and PAL, your code should:

Match the style of nearby existing code. Your code may be edited to comply with our coding standards when it is merged into the master branch.

Avoid adding new dependencies, including dependencies on STL.

Please make each contribution reasonably small. If you would like to make a big contribution, like a new feature or extension, please raise an issue first to allow planning to evaluate and review your work.

Note

Since PAL is a shared component that must support other APIs, other operating systems, and pre-production hardware, you might be asked to revise your PAL change for reasons that may not be obvious from a pure Linux Vulkan driver perspective.

Build Instructions

System Requirements

It is recommended to install at least 16GB RAM in your build system.

Build System

CMake 3.21 or newer is required. Download and install proper one if the cmake is older than 3.21.

C++ 20 support is required. Like gcc9, clang11.

Ninja is required.

Install Dev and Tools Packages

Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake curl g++-multilib gcc-multilib git ninja-build pkg-config python3

64-bit

sudo apt-get install libssl-dev libx11-dev libxcb1-dev x11proto-dri2-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-present-dev libxshmfence-dev libxrandr-dev libwayland-dev

32-bit

dpkg --add-architecture i386

sudo apt-get install libssl-dev:i386 libx11-dev:i386 libxcb1-dev:i386 libxcb-dri3-dev:i386 libxcb-dri2-0-dev:i386 libxcb-present-dev:i386 libxshmfence-dev:i386 libwayland-dev libwayland-dev:i386 libxrandr-dev:i386

RedHat

64-bit

sudo yum -y install openssl-devel gcc-c++ python3 curl glibc-devel libstdc++-devel libxcb-devel libX11-devel libxshmfence-devel libXrandr-devel wayland-devel

32-bit

sudo yum -y install openssl-devel.i686 gcc-c++ python3 curl glibc-devel.i686 libstdc++-devel.i686 libxcb-devel.i686 libX11-devel.i686 libxshmfence-devel.i686 libXrandr-devel.i686 wayland-devel.i686

Install shader compiler tools

Shader compiler tools such as DirectXShaderCompiler and glslang need to be installed to build raytracing support.

Ubuntu 20.04

It is recommended to install them from VulkanSDK 1.3.216 or higher.

Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa)

wget -qO - https://packages.lunarg.com/lunarg-signing-key-pub.asc | sudo apt-key add -

sudo wget -qO /etc/apt/sources.list.d/lunarg-vulkan-1.3.216-focal.list https://packages.lunarg.com/vulkan/1.3.216/lunarg-vulkan-1.3.216-focal.list

sudo apt update

sudo apt install dxc glslang-tools

Others

Get DirectXShaderCompiler and glslang source code and build tools on local.

#!/bin/bash

if [ ! -d DirectXShaderCompiler ]; then

git clone --depth=1 -b release-1.6.2112 https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXShaderCompiler.git

fi

if [ ! -d glslang ]; then

git clone --depth=1 -b sdk-1.3.216 https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang.git

fi

cd DirectXShaderCompiler

git submodule init

git submodule update

cmake -H. -Bbuilds -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -C ./cmake/caches/PredefinedParams.cmake

cmake --build builds

cd ..

cd glslang

cmake -H. -Bbuilds -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX='builds/install'

cd builds

make -j8 install

cd ../../

Set env PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH before amdvlk driver build.

export PATH=/builds/bin:/install/bin:$PATH

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/builds/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

Get Repo Tools

mkdir ~/bin

curl https://storage.googleapis.com/git-repo-downloads/repo > ~/bin/repo

# Replacing python with python3 is only needed on Ubuntu 20.04 if the 'python' executable is not available

sed -i s/python/python3/ ~/bin/repo

chmod a+x ~/bin/repo

export PATH=~/bin:"$PATH"

Get Source Code

mkdir vulkandriver

cd vulkandriver

repo init -u https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/AMDVLK.git -b master

repo sync

Note

Source code in dev branch can be gotten by using "-b dev" in the "repo init" command.

Build Driver and Generate JSON Files

cmake -G Ninja -S xgl -B builds/Release64

cmake --build builds/Release64

cmake -G Ninja -S xgl -B builds/Release32 -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=-m32 -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-m32

cmake --build builds/Release32

Note

For debug build, use -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DLLVM_PARALLEL_LINK_JOBS=2 (Linking a debug build of llvm is very memory intensive, so we use only two parallel jobs).

If you want to build tools (such as amdllpc) together with driver, add -m build_with_tools.xml in repo init and add the build option -DXGL_BUILD_TOOLS=ON.

Installation Instructions

Install Vulkan SDK

You can download and install the SDK package here.

Install dependencies

Ubuntu

sudo apt install libssl1.1

RedHat

sudo yum install openssl-libs

Install Driver and JSON Files

sudo cmake --install builds/Release64 --component icd

sudo cmake --install builds/Release32 --component icd

If you want to install driver to customized directory, you can add "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX={installation directory}" in the cmake build command. JSON files will be installed to /etc/vulkan/icd.d while other files will be installed to the installation directory you specified.

If RADV is also installed in the system, AMDVLK driver will be enabled by default after installation. You can switch the driver between AMDVLK and RADV by environment variable AMD_VULKAN_ICD = AMDVLK or RADV.

Note: The remaining steps are only required when running the AMDGPU upstream driver stack.

Turn on DRI3 and disable modesetting X driver

Add following lines in /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-amdgpu.conf:

Section "Device"

Identifier "AMDgpu"

Option "DRI" "3"

EndSection

And make sure following line is NOT included in the section:

Driver "modesetting"

Required Settings

On the AMDGPU upstream driver stack with libdrm version lower than 2.4.92, the max number of IB per submission MUST be limited to 4 (the default setting in AMD Open Source driver for Vulkan is 16). This can be accomplished via the Runtime Settings mechanism by adding the following line to amdPalSettings.cfg:

MaxNumCmdStreamsPerSubmit,4

CommandBufferCombineDePreambles,1

Install with pre-built driver

You could generate the installation package with below command while building driver:

Ubuntu

cmake -G Ninja -S xgl -B builds/Release64 [-DPACKAGE_VERSION=package version]

cmake --build builds/Release64 --target makePackage

RedHat

cmake -G Ninja -S xgl -B builds/Release64 [-DPACKAGE_VERSION=package version]

cmake --build builds/Release64 --target makePackage

You could also download pre-built package from https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/AMDVLK/releases for each code promotion in master branch.

Below is the installation instruction:

Ubuntu 20.04, 22.04

sudo dpkg -r amdvlk # If old version is installed on the machine, remove it first

sudo dpkg -i amdvlk_x.x.x_amd64.deb

sudo apt-get -f install

RedHat 8.6, 9.0

sudo rpm -e amdvlk # If old version is installed on the machine, remove it first

sudo rpm -i amdvlk-x.x.x.x86_64.rpm

For Ubuntu, you could also install the latest driver build from https://repo.radeon.com:

sudo wget -qO - http://repo.radeon.com/amdvlk/apt/debian/amdvlk.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -

sudo sh -c 'echo deb [arch=amd64,i386] http://repo.radeon.com/amdvlk/apt/debian/ bionic main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/amdvlk.list'

sudo apt-get remove amdvlk # If old version is installed on the machine, remove it first

sudo apt update

sudo apt-get install amdvlk

Runtime Settings

The driver exposes many settings that can customize the driver's behavior and facilitate debugging. You can add/edit settings in amdVulkanSettings.cfg or amdPalSettings.cfg file under one of below paths, formatted with one name,value pair per line:

/etc/amd

$AMD_CONFIG_DIR

Some example settings are listed below:

Setting Name

Valid Values

Comment

AllowVkPipelineCachingToDisk

0: disallow1: default

1 is default value which enables Pal's archive-file based caching.The archive-file is stored under ~/.cache/AMD/VkCache.

ShaderCacheMode

0: disable cache1: runtime cache2: cache to disk

Runtime cache is the default mode. For "cache to disk", the cache file is generated under $AMD_SHADER_DISK_CACHE_PATH/AMD/LlpcCache or $XDG_CACHE_HOME/AMD/LlpcCache or $HOME/.cache/AMD/LlpcCache

IFH

0: default1: drop all submits

Infinitely Fast Hardware. Submit calls are dropped before being sent to hardware. Useful for measuring CPU-limited performance.

EnableVmAlwaysValid

0: disable1: default2: force enable

1 is the default setting which enables the VM-always-valid feature for kernel 4.16 and above. The feature can reduce command buffer submission overhead related to virtual memory management.

IdleAfterSubmitGpuMask

Bitmask of GPUs (i.e., bit 0 is GPU0, etc.)

Forces the CPU to immediately wait for each GPU submission to complete on the specified set of GPUs.

All available settings can be determined by examining below source files that define them.

.../xgl/icd/settings/settings.cfg (API layer settings)

.../pal/src/core/settings_core.json (PAL hardware-independent settings)

.../pal/src/core/hw/gfxip/gfx6/settings_gfx6.json (PAL GFX6-8 settings)

.../pal/src/core/hw/gfxip/gfx9/settings_gfx9.json (PAL GFX9+ settings)

Runtime settings are only read at device initialization, and cannot be changed without restarting the application. If running on a system with multiple GPUs, the same settings will apply to all of them. Lines in the settings file that start with ; will be treated as comments.

Enable extensions under development

The extensions under development are not enabled by default in driver. You can enable them through environment variable:

export AMDVLK_ENABLE_DEVELOPING_EXT=" [...]"

or

export AMDVLK_ENABLE_DEVELOPING_EXT="all"

The extension name is case-insensitive.

PAL GpuProfiler Layer

The GpuProfiler is an optional layer that is designed to intercept the PAL interface to provide basic GPU profiling support. Currently, this layer is controlled exclusively through runtime settings and outputs its results to file.

You can use the following Runtime Settings to generate .csv files with GPU timings of work performed during the designated frames of an application (one file for each frame):

Setting Name

Value

Comment

GpuProfilerMode

0: disable1: enable with sqtt off2: enable with sqtt for thread trace3: enable with sqtt for RGP

Enables and sets the SQTT mode for the GPU performance profiler layer. Actual capture of performance data must be specified via frame number with GpuProfilerConfig_StartFrame or by pressing shift-F11.

GpuProfilerConfig.LogDirectory

The directory path is relative to $AMD_DEBUG_DIR or $TMPDIR or /var/tmp/, default value is "amdpal/". Your application must have write permissions to the directory. The profiling logs are output to a subdirectory that is named in the format like .

GpuProfilerConfig.Granularity

0: per-draw1: per-cmdbuf

Defines what is measured/profiled. Per-draw times individual commands (such as draw, dispatch, etc.) inside command buffers, while per-cmdbuf only profiles entire command buffers in aggregate.

GpuProfilerConfig.StartFrame

Positive integer

First frame to capture data for. If StartFrame and FrameCount are not set, all frames will be profiled.

GpuProfilerConfig.FrameCount

Positive integer

Number of frames to capture data for.

GpuProfilerConfig.RecordPipelineStats

0, 1

Gathers pipeline statistic query data per entry if enabled.

You can use the script timingReport.py to analyze the profiling log:

python timingReport.py

Dump Pipelines and Shaders

The output of timeReport.py includes the information of top pipelines like below:

Top Pipelines (>= 1%)

Compiler Hash | Type | Avg. Call Count | Avg. GPU Time [us] | Avg. Frame %

1. 0xd91d15e42d62dcbb | VsPs | 43 | 11,203.15 | 10.20 %

2. 0x724e9af55f2adf1b | Cs | 1 | 9,347.50 | 8.51 %

3. 0x396e5ad6f7a789f7 | VsHsDsPs | 468 | 8,401.35 | 7.65 %

You can add the following settings to amdPalSettings.cfg to dump the information of each pipeline:

EnablePipelineDump,1

PipelineDumpDir,

PipelineDumpDir is a sub-path relative to $AMD_DEBUG_DIR or $TMPDIR or /var/tmp/, default value is "spvPipeline/". The pipeline dump file is named in the format like Pipeline_.pipe. For example, the above top 1 pipeline is dumped to PipelineVsFs_0xD91D15E42D62DCBB.pipe. The shaders referenced by each pipeline are also dumped to .spv files.

PAL Debug Overlay

PAL's debug overlay can be enabled to display real time statistics and information on top of a running application. This includes a rolling FPS average, CPU and GPU frame times, and a ledger tracking how much video memory has been allocated from each available heap. Benchmarking (i.e., "Benchmark (F11)") is currently unsupported.

Setting Name

Value

Comment

DebugOverlayEnabled

0, 1

Enables the debug overlay.

DebugOverlayConfig.DebugOverlayLocation

0: top-left1: top-right2: bottom-left3: bottom-right

Determines where the overlay text should be displayed. Can be used to avoid collision with important rendering by the application.

DebugOverlayConfig.PrintFrameNumber

0, 1

Reports the current frame number. Useful when determining a good frame range for profiling with the GpuProfiler layer.

DebugOverlayConfig.TimeGraphEnable

0, 1

Enables rendering of a graph of recent CPU and GPU frame times.

Third Party Software

The AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan contains code written by third parties.

LLVM is distributed under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions. See LICENSE.TXT file in the top directory of the LLVM repository.

MetroHash is distributed under the terms of Apache License 2.0. See LICENSE file in the top directory of the MetroHash repository.

CWPack is distributed under the terms of MITLicense. See LICENSE file in the top directory of the CWPack repository.

Please see the README.md file in the PAL, LLPC, GPURT and XGL repositories for information on third party software used by those libraries.

DISCLAIMER

The information contained herein is for informational purposes only, and is subject to change without notice. This document may contain technical inaccuracies, omissions and typographical errors, and AMD is under no obligation to update or otherwise correct this information. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document, and assumes no liability of any kind, including the implied warranties of noninfringement, merchantability or fitness for particular purposes, with respect to the operation or use of AMD hardware, software or other products described herein. No license, including implied or arising by estoppel, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Terms and limitations applicable to the purchase or use of AMD's products are as set forth in a signed agreement between the parties or in AMD's Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale.

AMD, the AMD Arrow logo, Radeon, FirePro, and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Other product names used in this publication are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective companies.

Vega is a codename for AMD architecture, and is not a product name.

Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

Vulkan and the Vulkan logo are registered trademarks of the Khronos Group, Inc.

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2017 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all

copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE

AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE

SOFTWARE.

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